Uranium-radium pollution characteristics and risksUranium (<sup>238</sup>U) decays to produce radium (<sup>226</sup>Ra), and the two often coexist in groundwater. The main hazards include:WHO alert is tri…
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Boron exists in the form of boric acid (H₃BO₃) or borate in water sources. The typical concentration of seawater is 4-5mg/L, and brackish water can reach 10mg/L. Its particularity lies in:Neutral molecular form (pH<9) is di…
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Chlorine disinfection mechanism and risksChlorine (Cl₂) and hypochlorite (such as NaOCl/Ca(OCl)₂) generate hypochlorous acid (HOCl) through hydrolysis:NaOCl + H₂O → HOCl + NaOHCa(OCl)₂ + 2H₂O → 2HOCl + Ca(OH)₂HOCl penetr…
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Core treatment processCoagulation stageAdd PAC (polyaluminium chloride) or PFS (polyferric sulfate) coagulantFast mixing (G value > 300s⁻) to destabilize the colloidFlocculation controlGradient speed reduction stirring (40-2…
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Chloride ions (Cl⁻) are natural anions that are commonly found in groundwater (well water), surface water, seawater and atmospheric precipitation. The main sources include:Dissolution of rock salt layers (NaCl/KCl)Agricultural …
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Brackish water/tap water treatmentThe reverse osmosis system can effectively remove soluble pollutants such as nitrates, iron, and sulfates in water (TDS removal rate > 98%), solving the problem of diarrhea caused by water qu…
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